Product level dataset on embodied human appropriation of net primary production

This dataset includes data on the embodied human appropriation of net primary production (eHANPP) associated with products derived from agriculture and forestry. The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) is an indicator of changes in the yearly availability of biomass energy from photosynthesis that remains available in terrestrial ecosystems after harvest, under current land use, compared to the net primary production of the potential natural vegetation. HANPP is an indicator of land-use intensity that is relevant for biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles. The eHANPP indicator allocates HANPP to products and allows tracing trade flows from origin (the country where production takes place) to consumption (the country where products are consumed), thereby underpinning research into the telecouplings in global land use. The datasets described in this article trace eHANPP associated with the bilateral trade flows between 222 countries. It covers 161 primary crops, 13 primary animal products and 4 primary forestry products, as well as the end uses of these products for the years 1986 to 2013.

This dataset includes data on the embodied human appropriation of net primary production (eHANPP) associated with products derived from agriculture and forestry.The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) is an indicator of changes in the yearly availability of biomass energy from photosynthesis that remains available in terrestrial ecosystems after harvest, under current land use, compared to the net primary production of the potential natural vegetation.HANPP is an indicator of land-use intensity that is relevant for biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles.The eHANPP indicator allocates HANPP to products and allows tracing trade flows from origin (the country where production takes place) to consumption (the country where products are consumed), thereby underpinning research into the telecouplings in global land use.The datasets described in this article trace eHANPP associated with the bilateral trade flows between 222 countries.It covers 161 primary

Value of the Data
• The dataset on embodied Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (eHANPP) reveals pressures on biodiversity and ecosystems, including their carbon balance, embodied in global supply chains of agricultural and forestry products.• The data reveal trade flows between 222 countries, at the product level for 161 primary crops, 13 primary animal products and 4 primary forestry products, as well as the end uses of these products, for the years 1986 to 2013.• The dataset is useful for consumption or flow-based accounts of the pressure on ecosystems, or to study effects of international trade on ecosystems and biodiversity, such as the displacement of ecological pressure to other countries, the global reallocation of agricultural production, etc. • These data can be interesting for researchers, NGOs, consultancies or policy makers working on global supply chains and anthropogenic pressures on ecosystems.
• The data can be used to visualize the evolution of pressure on ecosystems linked to specific supply chains, to determine which commodities and trade flows are causing most pressure on ecosystems.It can also be used to compare the pressure on ecosystems linked to different end uses as animal products, vegetal human food, or materials and energy.• Embodied HANPP Data are also of growing interest to quantify the overshoot of nations over planetary boundaries.See [ 3 , 4 ]

Data Description
For semantic explanations of the HANPP and eHANPP indicators, refer to [ 5 ].
File 1 [embodied_HANPP_all_uses_no_ap_trade_cl_gl_resid_by_feed_products.csv]Contains HANPP embodied in the bilateral trade of primary crop products (excluding the residues used as feed), roughage and residues used as feed, by end uses (direct human food, animal feed, other uses), between 1986 and 2013.The HANPP embodied in bilateral trade flows of animal feed corresponds to the total trade flow from the country producing the feed to the country producing the animal product.
File 2 [embodied_HANPP_all_uses_incl_ap_all_cl_gl_resid_by_animal_products.csv]Contains HANPP embodied in the bilateral trade of primary crop products, roughage and residues used as feed, combined to animal products, by end uses (direct human food, animal products, other uses), between 1986 and 2013.Unlike in File 1, the HANPP embodied in bilateral trade flows of animal products corresponds to the total trade flow from the feed producing country to the country finally consuming the animal product.
File 3 [trilateral_embodied_HANPP_cl_gl_resid_avg_2011_2013.csv]Contains HANPP embodied in the trilateral trade (trade flows between countries producing feed, countries producing animal products, and countries consuming animal products) of feed crops, roughage and residues used as feed combined to animal products.Because of the size of the data, we only display the average data over the period 2011-2013 (for other years, please contact the authors).Each row represents the HANPP embodied in one combination of feed and animal product trade between a country producing feed, a country producing the animal product, and a country consuming the animal product (for example soybeans produced in Brazil, exported to Germany to produce pig meat, which itself is exported to and consumed in Austria).FILE_NAME4 [embodied_HANPP_forest_IRW_and_WF.csv]Contains HANPP embodied in the bilateral trade of 4 primary forestry products, between 1997 and 2013.

Experimental Design, Materials and Methods
FAOSTAT Data were accessed using the fenixservices API on July 2021 (code from https: //github.com/martinbruckner/fabio_ v1 ).Required FAOSTAT Data are described in Table 1 .Note that the data structure and zip file names of FAOSTAT have been changed since we originally downloaded the data (e.g., production and commodity balances).The data downloadable through the FAOSTAT URLs in Table 1 do hence not exactly correspond to the original data used in this article.
Countries that changed their border between 1986 and 2013 were the USSR, Belgium-Luxembourg, Yugoslavia, Serbia-Montenegro, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia-Eritrea, Sudan.When factors were missing either for the subsequent countries, the factor of the former country was applied to the divided countries.When indices (degree of industrialization, biome, etc.) were missing for the former aggregated country, the index from the largest of the divided countries was taken.Spatially explicit data were shared according to country areas.
Calculation steps are summarized in Fig. 1 .

Step 1 Calculation of the HANPP factors per product
The product level HANPP calculation is similar in most steps to previous HANPP assessments [ 6 , 1 , 7 ], but keeping product disaggregation as much as possible.

Step 1.1 HANPP harv and NPP act on Cropland
The calculations of HANPP harv on cropland were similar to Kastner et al. [ 1 ] and Haberl et al. [ 6 ], except that crops were never aggregated.

×shoot t o t otal ratio
We first converted crop production from fresh weight to dry matter using crop specific water content factors.
Crop prod uction d ry matt er = C rop production f resh weight × ( 1 − wat er cont ent f actor ) We calculated used by-products (out of which some are used as feed) and unused residues with specific multipliers (harvest indices) for each world region [ 8 ], differentiating annual and  The total above and below-ground HANP P harv was calculated with a shoot to total ratio of ∼0.87 [ 9 ].This yields the HANPP harv on cropland at the product level.

HANP P harv , crop =
Abov eground HANP P harv , crop 0 .53 0 .53+0 .08 We calculated pre-harvest losses according to each country's degree of industrialization [ 10 ].For permanent crops, the additional NPP remaining in ecosystems is estimated to 1.5 times the production [ 6 ].The sum of the preharvest losses and the NPP remaining for permanent crops yields the NPPeco for each product.

NP P eco, crop = pre harv est losses × HANP P harv , crop + 1 . 5 × permanent crops
The sum of the HANPP harv and the NPP eco is the NPP act , at the product level.
N P P act, crop = NP P eco, crop + HANP P harv , crop

Step 1.2 HANPP harv on Grassland and animal feed
The HANPP harv on grassland was calculated using the grazing gap method, i.e. by calculating grazed biomass as the residual feed requirement after subtracting market feed and crop residues used as feed [11] .All equations are at the country and year level.
HANP P harv , grassland = total ruminant f eed demand − 1 .5 × (T otal market f eed − f eed demand monogastrics − residues used as f eed Daily feed (hay equivalent) demand for milk cows and beef cattle were taken from the linear functions between milk (beef) yield and feed intake, from Krausmann et al. [11] .
Feed deman d beef and buffalo meat [ Mt dm hea d −1 y r −1 ] = ( 0 .036361 ×Carcass weigh t bee f and bu f f alo meat + 1 .702006 Because the distinction between meat cattle and milk cattle is not straightforward, the feed demand from cows and cattle were set to the maximum between the two values (milk and meat).
Total feed deman d cattle Mt dm y r −1 = cat t le heads × max { Feed deman d beef and buffalo meat ; Feed deman d milk } Feed demand (hay equivalent) from other ruminants and grazing animals as horses (hereafter called ruminants or grazing animals) was calculated with a demand per head factor ( Table 2 ).For sheep and goats, the factors are as well specific to the degree of industrialization.Feed demand for monogastrics was calculated via world region specific feed demand per unit product factors ( Table 3 ).

T otal f eed deman d ruminants Mt dm y r −1 = T otal f eed deman d cat t le + T otal f eed deman d other ruminants T otal f eed deman d monogastrics Mt dm y r −1 = F eed demand per produc t monogastrics * productio n monogastric products
We converted market feed from the commodity balances into dry matter, and allocated it in priority to monogastrics, as they cannot eat large quantities of roughage.Where market feed alone was not sufficient to cover the feed requirements of monogastrics, we assumed that the rest would have come from kitchen residues and other unformal sources, to which we do not allocate a HANPP rucksack.

Market f eed f or monogastrics Mt dm y r −1 = min T otal f eed deman d monogastrics ; Total market f eed dm
Market feed for ruminants was defined as the difference between total market feed (in dry matter) and the market feed allocated to monogastrics.For the grazing gap method, market feed for ruminants was multiplied by 1.5 to convert it into hay equivalents.Mar ket f eed f or r uminants in hay equi v alent = min { T otal f eed deman d ruminants ; ( T otal market f eed dm − Market f eed f or monogastrics ) * 1 .5 } Used crop residues were taken from the cropland calculation, and multiplied by a country specific factor of residues used as feed for cereals and other crops.Residues used as feed were downscaled when these exceeded the remaining feed requirement of ruminants.
Residues used as f eed = min { cropland used by products × shar e r esidues used as f eed; ( T otal f eed demand ruminants − Mar ket f eed f or r uminants in hay equi v alent ) } The total feed from grazing, i.e.HANPP harv on grassland, was calculated as the feed requirement of ruminants, neither covered by market feed nor by crop residues.Note that because the FAO does not report roughage from fodder crops (green maize etc.), the latter are embedded in the HANPP harv on grassland.
T otal HANP P harv , grassland = T otal f eed deman d ruminants −Market f eed f or ruminants in hay equi v alent − residues used as f eed Previous calculation steps were similar to previous studies.For our purposes grazing has to be allocated to the various grazing animals.We hence calculated the shares of market feed, residues and roughage (grazing including roughage fodder crops) in the total feed demand of all ruminants.

Shar e f eed t ype, ruminant s = f eed typ e ruminants T otal f eed deman d ruminants
Where f eed type = { Grazing; crop residues ; market f eed in hay equi v alent } These shares are then multiplied to each ruminant's total feed demand.In other words, in each country, cattle, goats and sheep would be allocated the same share of market feed, crop residues and roughage.

f eed typ e animal = Shar e f eed t ype, ruminant s × T otal f eed deman d animal
Where animal = { cat t le ; sheep; goats ; horses ; asses ; mules ; camels } To retrieve the market feed in market feed equivalent, the market feed in hay equivalents must be divided by 1.5.
The shares of each market feed product within the total market feed were as well attributed to all animals.Therefore, within their respective market feed, pigs get the same share of soy cake or brans as do cattle.

Shar e f eed product = f eed product T otal market f eed Market f ee d f eed product,animal or product = Shar e f eed product ×mar ket f eed in mar ket f eed equi v alen t animal or product
Where animal or product = { cat t le ; sheep; goats ; horses ; asses ; mules ; camels ; eggs ; poultry meat; pig meat }

Step 1.3 Fallow land and double cropping
We calculated the difference between the national cropland area under arable crops, and the total harvested area over all arable crops in each country.
In countries and years where area is negative, we consider it to be due to multiple cropping of arable crops (several harvesting periods on the same area).

mul tipl e cropping f actor = T otal physical arable cropland area arable crops area harv ested
The multiple cropping factor is hence multiplied to the respective harvested area of each arable crop to obtain the physically cropped area.

P hysical cropped ar e a arable crop = ar ea harv este d arable crop × mul tipl e cropping f actor
In countries and years where area is positive, we set the difference to be fallow land.Unlike previous HANPP assessments, we had to distribute this fallow to each arable crop, and opted for distributing it according to their respective physically cropped area.

HANPP harv of wood products
We first isolated the production of the four primary products, namely: industrial roundwood, coniferous; industrial roundwood, non-coniferous; Wood fuel, coniferous; Wood fuel, nonconiferous.Following previous HANPP assessments, wood volumes were converted in tonnes of dm biomass using the following wood density factors.We added the bark of the tree using bark factors, accounted for non-removed fellings with recovery rates, and for belowground NPP with a shoot over total ratio.For each of the primary products: HANP P harv , wood prod = wood market volume × wood density Bark f actor × recov ery rate × shoot ov er total
The NPP pot was attributed to countries and land cover types based on spatially explicit land cover data from Kastner et al., [ 1 ].Country and land cover type specific NPP pot data were then smoothed over the entire period, using a loess method, and set to 0 where the result was negative.
For the product level HANPP factors, NPP pot has to be allocated to products and animals.NPP pot on cropland was proportionally allocated to crop products based on their respective physically cropped area, including the fallow land.For permanent crops, the physical cropped area is the harvested area, and fallow land is null.The crop specific NPP pot was adjusted based on the location of the cultivars, with factors from [ 16 ], which were calculated from Monfreda et al. cultivar maps for the year 20 0 0 [ 2 ].The total was scaled to the new total NPP pot values.
NP P pot,crop = P hysical cropped area crop + f al l ow l and crop × NP P pot,crop per ha Kastner et  In countries where factors from Kastner et al. [ 16 ] were missing, we allocated the NPP pot proportionally to the physically cropped area.NPP pot on grassland was first distributed to minor grazing animals (asses, mules, camels) proportionally to their respective share in the total HANPP harv on grassland in each country.

N P P pot,grass,minor grazing animals =
HANP P harv ,grass,animal

T otal HANP P harv , grassland × T otal NP P pot,grassland
For cattle and buffaloes, goats, horses, and sheep (hereafter called major grazing animals), we proceeded to a further adjustment of the NPP pot , to consider that certain animals (often cattle) graze on more productive land than others (often sheep and goats).We calculated HANPP harv per head, and combined it to the dasymetric (DA) Gridded Livestock of the World (GLW) spatially explicit dataset from the FAO ( https://www.fao.org/livestock-systems/global-distributions/en/ ), for the year 2010, to globally map the HANPP harv on grassland for each animal for all years.
Within each pixel: HANP P harv ,grass,animal in pixel = # animals in pixel × HANP P harv ,grass,animal

T otal # animal s Grid d ed li v estock
Where animal = { cattle and buffaloes ; goats ; horses ; sheep } Summing the HANPP harv maps of all animals, we gridded the share of each animal's HANPP harv in total HANPP harv on grassland.We combined the gridded shares of HANPP harv to the gridded NPP pot from grassland of major grazing animals, and multiplied the NPP pot of grassland by each animal's share of HANPP harv from grazing within each pixel, to obtain the animal specific NPP pot .
N P P pot,animal = T otal N P P pot,grass − T otal N P P pot,grass,minor grazing animals × share NPP pot,animal N P P pot,animal = T otal N P P pot,grass − T otal N P P pot,grass,minor grazing animals × share NP P pot,animal For countries small countries that were not in the raster, we kept the proportionally allocated values (as for minor grazing animals).
In some countries, the HANPP harv of wood products exceeded the NPP pot in forests.We assumed this is because wood products, especially wood fuels, may be harvested on other land cover types than forests, for example bush lands and savannahs.We hence adjusted the HANPP harv of wood products, to isolate the HANPP harv in forests only.We first removed the excessive HANPP harv from the HANPP harv of wood fuel (wf).In countries where this was still not sufficient, i.e.where the HANPP harv of industrial roundwood (ir) alone was above the NPP pot of forests, we removed the remaining excess from the HANPP harv of industrial roundwood.Where shar e ir, { coni f erous ; non coni f erous } is the share of coniferous and non-coniferous wood in the total HANPP harv of industrial roundwood.

I f T otal HAN P P harv ,wood > NP P pot, f orest :
We can now allocate the NPP pot in forests proportionally to the HANPP harv in forest of the four primary wood products.
N P P pot , f orest ,prod = N P P pot, f orest × HAN P P harv , prod, f orest T otal HANP P harv , f orest 3.1.6.Step 1.6 HANPP luc and HANPP HANPP luc on fallow was calculated by multiplying the NPP pot on fallow with factors from [ 7 ].NPP act on fallow is hence the difference between the NPP pot on fallow and the HANPP luc on fallow.The total NPP act on cropland is the sum of the NPP act cropland and the NPP act on fallow.HANPP luc on cropland is the difference between NPP pot on cropland and total NPP act on cropland.The crop specific HANPP on cropland is the sum of the crop specific HANPP harv and HANPP luc on cropland.
T otal N P P act,crop = NP P act,crop + NP P pot,crop, f al l ow × 1 − HAN P P l uc, f al l ow per N P P pot HAN P P luc,crop = NP P pot,crop − NP P act,crop

H ANP P crop = H ANP P harv ,crop + H ANP P luc,crop
Country specific average HANPP luc per NPP pot on grassland were taken from [ 7 ], and multiplied to the animal and country specific NPP pot values.The animal specific HANPP on grassland is the sum of the animal specific HANPP harv and HANPP luc on grassland.NPP act on grassland is the NPP pot minus HANPP luc on grassland.NPP eco on grassland is the NPP act minus HANPP harv on grassland.Where the NPP eco on grassland was below 5% of the NPP act , we adjusted the NPP act upwards (and therefore the HANPP luc downwards) as to have a NPP eco of minimum 5% of NPP act , while keeping the HANPP harv constant.This can be thought of as increasing grassland productivity through fertilization, as it is done in several intensive grazing systems (Netherlands, etc.).
For all animals, countries and years where N P P eco < 0 .05 × N P P act : N P P eco,grass,adjusted = 0 . 050 .95 × HAN P P harv ,grass N P P act,grass,adjusted = N P P eco,grass,adjusted + HAN P P harv ,grass HAN P P luc,grass,adjusted = N P P pot − N P P act,grass,adjusted

H ANP P grass,adjusted = H ANP P harv ,grass + H ANP P luc,grass,adjusted
We did not allocate any HANPP luc to crop residues used as feed.Therefore, the only HANPP allocated to crop residues used as feed was the mass of these residues (HANPP harv ).This comes from the assumption that the land use change occurred primarily for the main product of the corresponding crop (for example wheat), and not for its by-product (straw).
For forestry products, the HANPP luc is set to 0. NPP act is hence equal to NPP pot and NPP eco equals NPP pot minus HANPP harv,forest (i.e.excluding the HANPP harv exceeding the NPP pot in forest), all at the primary product level.

Step 1.7 factors used to calculate HANPP / product ratios
For cropland, we calculated the factors per tonne of crop by first removing the residues used as feed from the HANPP harv and the HANPP on cropland, and dividing the respective value by the crop production quantity (in dry matter).
For grassland and crop residues used as feed, the allocation to animal products requires one further step, for grazing animals, namely the attribution to milk or meat (we did not consider other products as leather and materials, hence overestimating the rucksack of meat and milk).
For grazing animals, we allocate HANPP values according to the number of heads reported for the production of milk or meat respectively.share prod = # animal s prod

# animals
Where prod = { milk ; meat } and animals = { cat t le ; sheep; goat } For horses, asses, mules, and camels, we did not allocate the HANPP to the reported milk and meat, as we assumed that these animals are mainly kept for services and leisure, and we do not know how many animals are grown exclusively for products.
We finally calculate NPP and HANPP values per tonne of product, by dividing by the production quantities of the respective animal products.
For wood products, factors per tonne of product were calculated by dividing NPP and HANPP values by the production of wood in dry matter.Note that these values do not include the HANPP exceed the NPP pot in forest, which are saved separately.
This finishes the HANPP calculation at the product level.Product level HANPP data can be visualized interactively and downloaded under https://ijsadihsadoaisjd.shinyapps.io/shiny_ app _ hanpp _ all _ lu _ types/

Step 2.1 Crops, animal products, and wood products
The calculation of the trilateral trade data relies on the same procedure as the one described in [17][18][19].In this method, bilateral trade matrices are built, based on the reports from the importing countries.When the data from the importing country were missing, they were filled with data reported by exporting countries, yielding bilateral trade matrices between 222 countries.
283 traded vegetal products were converted to 159 primary crops, based on their dry matter content.Similarly, bilateral trade matrices were built for 66 traded animal products, converted to 13 primary animal products.
bilateral trad e pr imar y,dm = prod bilater al tr ad e prod, pr imar y, f w × ( 1 − water content f actor ) Where prod, pr imar y = all secondary products associated to a gi v en pr imar y product Special treatment was given to sugar crops, often reported as "sugar refined", which have to be split into sugar beet and sugar cane.We hence calculated the available supply of sugar beet and cane in each country, by correcting a first time for reexports, as described in [ 19 ], solely for sugar beet and cane.We then split the trade flows of refined sugar proportionally to the apparent consumption of sugar beet and cane in each country exporting refined sugar.
We could then correct for reexports for all primary crops as described on [ 19 ].The difference of 0.3% between total production and the results of the corrected trade matrices was allocated to domestic consumption.Following the notation of [ 19 ], we hereafter call R the ( n × n ) sized bilateral trade matrix for a given crop, corrected for reexports, where R i j is the the apparent consumption of country i originating from country j.
Despite the reported milk and meat products for Asses, Camels, Horses, Mules, we decided to neglect the production and international trade of these products, given that the large share of these animals is not used for their products.For examples, horses are likely rather used for horse riding than for horse meat.We hence considered that all the footprint of these animals was domestic.
For wood products, we followed the methodology of [ 20 ].This method is similar to Kastner et al. [ 19 ], but corrects trade flows for the recovered paper and pulp, such that the trade flows reflect only exports of virgin (non-recovered) paper.As bilateral trade of wood fuel is small and not reported, we allocated all wood fuel to domestic consumption.

Step 2.2 Animal products trade in primary crops equivalents
In order to calculate the matrix of livestock product trade in feed crop equivalents S , we need to multiply the bilateral trade matrices of animal products by factors of feed crops per tonne of each animal product.Feed products per tonne of animal product were calculated previously for the grazing gap method.However, feed products have to be converted into primary crops.We hence built equivalence tables between the feed products reported in the FAO commodity balances and the primary crops.For example, some categories as brans can correspond to various crops (wheat, rice, etc.).Commodity balances products were hence distributed to the primary crops found in the description column of the FAOSTAT definitions, based on the respective apparent consumption of each crop calculated at the previous step through the bilateral trade matrices of crop products.Therefore, if corrected for imports and exports, out of all the crop products reported in the definition of brans, a country had an apparent consumption of 70 tonnes of wheat and 30 tonnes of rice, we allocated 70% of the brans to wheat and 30% to rice.Animal products used as feed (e.g.cow milk or fish meal fed to other animals) were neglected from this step.Consequently, any animal product used as feed was dealt with as if it would have been finally consumed in the country where it was used to feed other animals, hence underestimating the international footprint of animal products.Hereafter, we call S the matrix of a given animal product, in feed crops equivalent.

Step 3: Calculating the final uses, adjusting for seeds and losses
We linked the trade data of crops to their final uses (feed, direct human food and other uses), adjusting for seed use and losses, based on the commodity balances (CBS) from the FAO.Again, the first step was to allocate all products from the commodity balances to primary crops according to apparent consumption, using the method described earlier (for the feed products).Sugar refined was again replaced by sugar cane and sugar beet.

× apparent consumption pr imar y crop pr imar y crops in cbs product apparent consumption pr imar y crop
For example, if 10 tonnes of brans are used as feed in a country, and that country apparently consumes 30 tonnes of wheat and 70 tonnes of maize, and that apart from brans 60 tonnes of maize are used for animal feed, then 10 × 70 70+30 + 60 = 67 tonnes of maize are used as feed in that country.The final use "processing" was removed to avoid double counting.
Trade matrices are to be adjusted to seed use, as the consumption of a crop in a given country should include the quantity of seeds globally used to produce that crop, but exclude the amount of that crop which this country is using for its own seeds.We adjusted trade matrices for seed use, by adding seeds to the production (and exports), and eventually removing them from the consumption (and imports).Ideally, one should add seeds from the previous year to the production, and remove seeds from that year from the consumption (as these are to be used the following year).However, for calculation ease (especially in the case of countries whose borders changed) we decided to assume that all seeds were used the same year.The adjustment for seeds does hence not affect the global quantity of crops, but solely the trade patterns.
Call v = 1 + seeds in producing country production in producing country the vector adjusting production and exports for seed use, and ˆ v the corresponding diagonal matrix.
Call w = 1 − seeds in consuming country consumption in consuming country (includ ing seed s ) the vector adjusting consumption and imports for seed use, and ˆ w the corresponding diagonal matrix.Then we calculated the trade matrix adjusted for seeds: We allocated losses to feed, food and others (for simplicity, we assumed no losses in seeds).We calculated a loss adjustment factor in each country for each crop, and applied this factor to the quantity of feed, food and other uses.By multiplying the values of R se by the shares of the final uses adjusted for losses, we obtained the trade data of crops by end uses.Where data for final uses were not available, we attributed the data to the category "unknown final use".
We calculated S lo the matrix of a given animal product, in feed crops equivalent, adjusted for the losses in feed crops.We omitted the differences in final uses of animal products (e.g.leather).

3.4.
Step 4: Origin of the feed for the production and consumption of livestock products c = R se × i is the row sum of R se , and hence the vector of apparent consumption adjusted for seed use, with i a summation vector of 1. ˆ c is the diagonal matrix with the entries of c.
is the mix of origin for that crop adjusted for seed use.
is the feed embodied in the production of that animal product, adjusted for losses.ˆ s is the diagonal matrix with the entries of s.
Then S p = ˆ s × ˆ c −1 × R se is the trade matrix reflecting the origin of the feed required for the production of that animal product.S p i j is the feed originating from country j used to produce an animal product in country i.
is the trade matrix reflecting the origin of the feed embodied in the final consumption of that animal product.S c i j is the feed originating from country j embodied in the final consumption of an animal product in country i.We calculated S p and S c for all crops and animal products.The level of disaggregation would show the quantity of a given crop originating from country A embodied in the production or in the final consumption of an animal product in country B (for example the quantity of soybeans originating from Brazil embodied in the pig meat production or final consumption in Germany).
is the mix of final destination of an animal product in each country's production of that animal product.By multiplying the entries of S p by the shares of each final destination of the animal product, we calculated the amount of each crop originating in country A, used to produce animal products in country B, which are eventually consumed in country C (for example, the quantity of Brazilian soybeans embodied in pig meat produced in Germany and exported to China).

Step 5: Calculate the HANPP embodied in trade
For eHANPP from cropland and forestry products, we calculated the HANPP (and other HANPP components, as HANPP harv , HANPP luc or physically cropped area) embodied in the final use of crops for food and other uses, as well as for animal products production and final consumption, by multiplying the HANPP factors calculated in step 1.7, to the corresponding trade matrices.
For eHANPP from grassland and crop residues used as feed, we applied the HANPP factors directly to the trade matrices of animal products.For simplicity, we omitted international trade in crop residues (straws) and roughage (grass and fodder crops).The HANPP embodied in the production of animal products was hence set to the HANPP calculated in step 1.As explained earlier, we as well set the HANPP embodied in the "final consumption" of asses, camels, horses and mules equal to their HANPP in that given country, reflecting the idea that most of the feed and grazing of these animals is not meant to produce meat and milk, but rather to provide services (transport, work or leisure) enjoyed domestically.
Data handling were performed using the R software.The calculation explained above, combining raw data and factors from various sources, makes this dataset unique.All code can be found attached to this article.The final eHANPP data files are publicly available under https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8384359

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Calculation steps.Data sources are referred to in round brackets (…).Matrix or vector names are written in square brackets […].NPP pot : potential Net Primary Production, NPP act : actual Net Primary Production, HANPP harv : HANPP induced by crop harvest or grazing, HANPP luc : HANPP induced by land use change.
permanent crops.used by products = Crop production d.m. × mul tipl ier used by products unused by products = Crop production d.m. × mul tipl ier unused by products Some annual crops, called A 0 , had no harvest indices.These were attributed a multiplier of unused by-products defined as the average ratio of by-products of crops with harvest index ( A HI ) unused by products A 0 = Crop prod uction d .m.A 0 × total used by products A HI + total unused by products A HI total crop production A HI Total above-ground HANP P harv was defined as: Abov eground HANP P harv , cropland = Crop production d.m. + used by products + unused by products

f
al l ow l an d arable crop = total f al l ow l and × P hysical cropped are a arable crop T otal physical arabl e cropl and area 3.1.4.Step 1.
,crop = P hysical cropped are a crop + f al l ow l an d crop total physical cropped area × T otal NP P pot,cropland NPP pot on fallow was isolated by multiplying crop and country specific NPP pot per hectare values, to the corresponding fallow area.N P P pot,crop, f al l ow = N P P pot,crop P hysical cropped are a crop + f al l ow l an d crop × f al l ow l an d crop f eed crop embodied in animal prod uct trad e = AP trade × CBS f eed product per tonne of animal product × share of pr imar y crops in f eed products where share of pr imar y crops in f eed products = apparent consumptio n crop crops in f eed prod ap p arent consumptio n crop

f
eed crop embodied in animal prod uct trad e adj usted f or losses = f eed crop embodied in animal prod uct trad e × 1 + losses { feed ; food ; other uses } f inal uses producing country

Table 1
FAOSTAT Data required for the HANPP and eHANPP calculation.

Table 2
Factors for feed demand per head -other ruminants.

Table 3
Factors for feed demand per product: monogastrics.
al. area crop + f al l ow l and crop × NP P pot,crop per haKastner et al.
otal HAN P P harv ,wood − NP P pot, f orest HANP P harv , ir, { coni f erous ; non coni f erous } , f orest = HANP P harv , ir, { coni f erous ; non coni f erous } − share ir, { coni f erous ; non coni f erous } × T otal HAN P P harv ,wood − NP P pot, f orest − HANP P harv ,w f Is the share of coniferous and non-coniferous wood in the total HANPP harv of wood fuel.I f T otal HAN P P harv ,ir > N P P pot, f orest :HANP P harv , w f, f orest = 0 inal use adjusted f or losse s pr imar y crop = 1 + losse s pr imar y crop { feed ; food ; other uses } f inal use s pr imar y crop× f inal us e pr imar y cropWe eventually calculated the share (including losses) of the final end uses feed, food and other uses.
= f inal use adjusted f or losses pr imar y crop{ feed ; food ; other uses } f inal uses adjusted f or losses pr imar y crop